bta-mir-34a: Bta-mir-34a is a microRNA that has been found to activate the apoptosis signaling pathway, thereby improving the survival of intestinal epithelial cells [PMC9332160]. In a study examining various miRNAs and mRNAs, the expression level of bta-mir-34a was found to be higher with qPCR detection, but only approached significance compared to RNA-sequencing results [PMC4628385]. The 5' arm (5p) primers for bta-mir-34a were selected based on deep sequencing reads of 5' and 3' arm expression in bovine tissues available in the miRBase Registry [PMC4162940]. Bta-mir-34a is one of the miRBase identifiers for this microRNA in various species, including Bos taurus [PMC5085156]. Bta-mir-34a was validated by qPCR using reference smallRNAs SNORD95 and RNU6 [PMC6965648]. It has been found that bta-mir-34a is involved in immune modulation and adipogenesis or other lipid metabolic pathways [PMC5384155]. The up-regulated miRNA species include bta-miR-17-5p, bta-miR-146a, bta-miR-144, bta-mir-34a, and others [PMC5384155]. Bta-mir-34a has also been found to be downregulated at certain time points during infection with MIMs (Mycoplasma bovis) [PMC4065264]. In a study comparing different libraries, the expression level of bta-mir-34a was higher in bulls compared to steers [PMC5813002]. References: [PMC9332160] [PMC4628385] [PMC4162940] [PMC5085156] [PMC6965648] [PMC5384155] [PMC4065264] [PMC5813002]