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ame-mir-9a: ame-mir-9a is a microRNA (miRNA) that is associated with queen-worker caste determination in Apis mellifera (A. mellifera) [PMC5374498]. However, in Bombus terrestris (B. terrestris), a different species of bumblebee, the expression of ame-mir-9a was not differentially expressed between queen- and worker-destined larvae [PMC5374498]. ame-mir-9a has been found to be involved in male development in bumblebees [PMC7785045]. It is expressed during honeybee early development and shows higher expression levels in adult worker thorax and abdomen compared to similar queen tissues, but higher levels of mir-9a occur in queen pupae [PMC3562263] [PMC2394756]. ame-mir-9a.F, a variant of ame-mir-9a, is expressed most strongly in worker thorax and abdomen compared to queen tissues [PMC2394756]. The expression of ame-mir-9a and ame-let-7, another miRNA, was found to be higher in males than females, suggesting their potential roles in male development [PMC6835379]. The expression of candidate loci ame-mir-9a was more strongly expressed in worker abdomens compared to queen abdomens [PMC2394756]. These findings suggest that ame-mir-9a may play a role in influencing caste differences and male development among honeybees and bumblebees.
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