cfa-mir-96: Cfa-mir-96 is an oncogenic miRNA that has been found to be highly conserved in both dogs and humans [PMC6827104]. In a study on canine mammary tumors (CMTs), it was observed that the expression of cfa-mir-96 was significantly increased in these tumors, which is consistent with its promoter hypomethylation [PMC6827104]. On the other hand, cfa-miR-149, a tumor-suppressive miRNA, showed decreased expression in CMTs, which is in line with its promoter hypermethylation [PMC6827104]. Among the top five predicted target genes of cfa-mir-96, three genes (BRPF3, ADCY6, and LRIG1) were found to be significantly downregulated in tumors compared to normal tissues [PMC6827104]. Similar to humans, it has been documented that miRNAs such as cfa-mir-96 and -149 are oncogenic and tumor-suppressive in dogs as well [PMC9610006]. Additionally, several differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified from the promoter regions of various miRNAs including cfa-mir-96 and cfa-miR-149 in CMT tissues [PMC9455804]. These findings suggest that cfa-mir-96 plays a role as an oncogenic miRNA in CMTs through its target genes and promoter hypomethylation. Conversely, cfa-miR-149 acts as a tumor-suppressive miRNA through its decreased expression and promoter hypermethylation. These observations highlight the importance of these miRNAs in canine mammary cancer progression.