MT-TS1: MT-TS1 is a mitochondrial gene that is involved in nonsyndromic hearing loss and liver pathogenesis. It is one of the mitochondrial genes that were tested in a study using tiered ES, which reported a diagnostic rate of 21% [PMC7443516]. MT-TS1 has also been identified as a potential biomarker for liver pathogenesis, as it was found to be differentially expressed [PMC5964116]. The deletion of the DHU-arm in MT-TS1 is commonly reported in other metazoan mitogenomes [PMC8727539]. Additionally, MT-TS1 was found to be highly elevated in Caco-2 cells cocultured with Salmonella compared to cells without infection [PMC10076011]. Mutations in MT-TS1 have been documented in cases of hearing loss and were detected using Sanger sequencing [PMC5320477]. Other mitochondrial tRNA encoding genes, including MT-TF, MT-TH, MT-T1, MT-TL1, and MT-TP have also been associated with hearing loss [PMC9036286]. In a screening study for hearing loss, the single protein-coding exon of GJB2 and the mitochondrial genes including MT-RNR1, MT-TS1, and MT-TL1 were sequenced using custom designed primers [PMC8738750].