ata-miR5168-3p: Ata-mir5168-3p is a highly abundant microRNA (miRNA) that has been identified as one of the most affected RNAs between yak and cattle [PMC8032655]. It is part of a group of miRNAs that show large fold-changes in expression levels during different comparisons [PMC7045451]. During the early stages of grain development, ata-mir5168-3p, along with other miRNAs such as osa-miR171a, ata-miR172c-3p, and miR396 family members, are relatively more abundant [PMC7045451]. These miRNAs are believed to play a role in the early stages of grain development and may target genes involved in auxin-activated signaling, gibberellin response, and leucine-rich-repeat kinase [PMC7045451]. In comparative studies between yaks and cattle, ata-mir5168-3p has been identified as one of the most important RNAs [PMC8518315]. It is part of a network that includes other miRNAs such as ppt-miR902f-3p_R15-1L20, gma-miR6300_R2-18L18, stu-miR408b-5p_R4-21L21, ptc-miR6471_R18-4L21, sly-miR482e-3p_R1-21L22, and ath-miR5658_R1-19L21_8T-A [PMC8518315]. These RNAs are associated with specific circRNAs and mRNAs that have been identified using miRNA target prediction algorithms like miRanda [PMC8032655]. Furthermore, ata-mir5168-3p has been found to target transcription factors (TFs) from various families such as TCP, Trihelix, C3H, SBP, and Nin-like [PMC9869041]. These TFs are regulated by ata-mir5168-3p and other miRNAs like ata-miR156e-5p, ath-miR5021, cme-miR156g, lus-miR166b, and mtr-miR5291c [PMC9869041]. These findings suggest that ata-mir5168-3p plays a crucial role in gene regulation and may have implications in various biological processes. Overall, ata-mir5168-3p is a highly abundant miRNA that is involved in the regulation of gene expression during different developmental stages and in the comparison between yaks and cattle. Its targets include genes involved in grain development and various transcription factors. [PMC8032655] [PMC7045451] [PMC8518315] [PMC9869041].