hsa-mir-4316: Hsa-mir-4316 is a microRNA that has been studied in various contexts. In a study comparing tissue and urine samples, hsa-mir-4316 showed similar expression patterns to hsa-miR-615-3p, hsv1-miR-H18, and hsv2-miR-H9-5p [PMC4490318]. Another study found that hsa-mir-4316, along with hsa-miR-615-3p, ebv-miR-BART4, hsv1-miR-H18, and hsv2-miR-H9-5p, had significantly higher levels in urine samples from prostate cancer (PCa) patients compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) controls [PMC4490318]. These findings were validated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), which confirmed the significant differences in expression levels of hsa-mir-4316 between PCa patients and BPH controls [PMC4490318]. In terms of diagnostic potential, the levels of hsa-mir-4316 in urine showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.666 [PMC4490318]. Hsa-mir-4316 has also been studied in relation to gastric cancer (GC), where it was identified as one of five miRNAs closely related to GC progression [PMC6815795]. In a separate study on PCa patients' urine samples, the expression levels of hsa-mir-4316 were significantly higher compared to BPH controls [PMC7362723]. Finally, a study used 2−ΔΔCt calculations with U6 and GAPDH as internal controls to determine relative expressions of hsa-mir-4316 and VEGF-A as target genes [PMC7036244]. Overall, these studies highlight the potential role of hsa-mir-4316 as a biomarker in various diseases, including PCa and GC.