hsa-mir-657: Hsa-mir-657 is a microRNA that has been identified as a predictive molecular biomarker for early diagnosis of laryngeal cancer [PMC5642505]. It is highly conserved and has a binding position at 639 [PMC3521223]. Overexpression of hsa-mir-657 has been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity for discriminating between early larynx carcinoma and normal mucosa tissues [PMC4695119]. Hsa-mir-657 is one of three miRNA genes encoded by the introns of the AATYK gene, with its origin after the primate-rodent split [PMC3544654]. It has been demonstrated to be involved in the inhibitory interaction with the 3'-UTR of the IGF2R gene, resulting in allele-specific modulation of IGF2R expression [PMC6275070]. Hsa-mir-657 has also been identified as one of several miRNAs associated with breast neoplasms [PMC9088870]. It is part of a ceRNA network that regulates genes involved in breast cancer, such as WT1 and ETV1 [PMC5710922]. In animal models, hsa-mir-657 has been shown to affect tumor growth when manipulated using mimics or inhibitors [PMC9402383]. Additionally, increased expression of hsa-mir-657 has been associated with inflammatory response in gestational diabetes mellitus and it is one of the most represented miRNAs in all ASD samples [PMC9000903]. Finally, hsa-mir-657 has binding sites on the 3'UTR region of hCYP1A1 gene and its dysregulation may be associated with AD risk factors such as type 2 diabetes and venous thrombosis [PMC5220472][PMC8287568][PMC7279294].