aly-miR396a-5p: Aly-mir396a-5p is a microRNA (miRNA) found in ginger exosome-like nanoparticle (GELNs) and is present in the tissues of edible plants [PMC10047465]. GDLVs encapsulating aly-mir396a-5p have been shown to inhibit the expression of Nsp12 and spike genes, which are involved in SARS-CoV-2-induced cytopathic effect [PMC9338735]. Aly-mir396a-5p, when delivered to the lung, effectively inhibits lung inflammation [PMC9338735]. Researchers have developed GELN microRNA aly-mir396a-5p to alleviate lung inflammation [PMC9941074]. Ginger-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing aly-mir396a-5p have been found to inhibit NF-κB-mediated inflammation and apoptosis in the lungs of mice [PMC9028404]. The transfection efficiency of nanovectors loaded with aly-mir396a-5p is higher than ginger-derived nanovesicles or polyethylenimine but lower than RNAiMAX in A549 cells [PMC9319657]. Aly-mir396a-5p, derived from plants, specifically inhibits viral gene expression without affecting host genes and could be utilized for developing miRNA therapeutics [PMC8619171]. Ginger exosomal miRNAs, including aly-mir396a-5p, can impede SARS-CoV-2 replication by restricting the expression of specific viral proteins such as spike protein and RNA polymerase Nsp12 [PMC8590742]. Aly-mir396a-5p packed into GDVs prevents inflammatory response caused by EVs from lung epithelial cells by inhibiting viral Nsp12 gene expression [PMC10053153]. Plant-derived miRNAs like aly-mir396a-5p do not disturb the body's immune response and specifically inhibit the expression of nonstructural and spike proteins [PMC9249409]. Aly-mir396a-5p inhibits inflammation and cell apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of the viral Nsp12 gene [PMC9231591]. Aly-mir396a-5p delivered by GNVs reduces viral gene expression and prevents NF-κB activation and lung epithelial cell apoptosis [PMC8110335]. GNVs carrying aly-mir396a-5p inhibit the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by Nsp12 of SARS-CoV-2 [PMC8110335]. GELN aly-mir396a-5p treatment prevents exosomesNsp12Nsp13-mediated NF-κB activation and lung epithelial cell apoptosis [PMC8110335]. Aly-mir396a-5p packed in GNVs inhibits viral gene expression, reduces inflammatory cytokines, and improves pulmonary inflammation caused by exosomesNsp12Nsp13 [PMC8110335].